Womens Rights

How to Write Women’s #038; Gender Studies Essay

How to Write Women’s #038; Gender Studies Essay Need advice on how to cope with your tricky Women’s Gender Studies essay? College and university students in the USA who study Humanities and Social Sciences are commonly offered courses in Women’s Gender Studies that are interdisciplinary academic programs which examine cultural and social issues from the gender perspective. The purpose of these courses is to educate students about the importance of gender equity. This discipline originated from the feminist movement and the concept of women’s rights and can be a good addition to an academic plan for any student who is interested in focusing on a career that intersects multiple perspectives of diversity. In this article, you will find a complete step-by-step gender studies essay guide on how to write an impressive Women’s and Gender Studies essay that will help you successfully complete this challenging assignment and impress your professor. Besides, we will provide you with a list of interesting essay topics for your inspiration. But first, let’s discuss what Women’s Gender Studies essay is and how it differs from essays in other academic disciplines. Let’s get started. What Is Women’s Gender Studies Essay? Today, the WGS programs mainly focus on the meanings of gender and sexuality in culture, society, and education as well as politics and everyday life. Students who take such courses have to explore the history and the contribution of women to society and study how the gender influences the lives of men and women. The main goal of these programs is to help students become activists and critical advocates for social justice in a wide variety of professions. When writing Women’s Gender Studies essay, you will need to discuss the problems of women, gender, and sexuality from a cross-cultural and historical perspective. Wondering why this essay is so special? Here is the answer. You will need to explore gender and sexuality using methodologies and analytical tools of a variety of disciplines in the humanities, social sciences, and arts, including sociology, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, political sciences, STS, media studies, history, and literature, among others. You remember that this program is diverse and interdisciplinary, don’t you? You may be assigned to write: a response essay; a narrative essay; a theoretical experience essay; an argumentative essay; a rhetorical analysis essay; a reflective essay etc. As to the citation styles, the common style guides in Women’s Gender studies are APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian. The formats of essays can vary greatly and so you will need to follow details about your assignment provided by your instructor. If you have any doubts and need more specific information about types of WGS essays, their formatting, types of evidence, you should consult the traditional academic discipline with which your particular course is associated. How to Choose Women’s Gender Studies Essay Topics? The WGS curriculum focuses on the intersectionality of sexuality and gender with different social categories such as: race; nationality; religion; class; ethnicity; age; ability. Students study diverse topics that they can select for writing their Women’s Gender Studies essays, for example, women in the developing world, gender and technology, violence and human rights, women’s literature, the family, gender and the law, feminist political thought, and more. When deciding what you should write about, it is recommended to choose a topic you are really interested in. Doing research and writing an essay is a time-consuming process but you will work more productively if you stay motivated. Besides, your readers will appreciate your passion and your genuine interest and are more likely to be impressed by your piece of writing. Keep in mind that if your topic is too broad to cover in your essay, you need to narrow it and make it manageable in a limited word count. For example, the topic Women and War is too broad, so you should narrow it down and discuss the ways in which women can be affected by a war conflict or analyze laws that can ensure specific protection for women during wars. You can also describe women’s experiences during particular conflicts. With a broad variety of topics to choose from, making the best decision can be overwhelming. Wondering where you can find interesting ideas for your inspiration? Here they are. Have a look at our short list of amazing Women’s Gender Studies essay topics and feel free to use them for writing your own essays. The Three Waves of Feminism Women Who Had a Huge Impact on the Feminist Movement How Feminism Changed Ireland History of the Feminist Movement in The United States How Does Gender Affect the Communication Style? The Importance of Women’s Literature of the 20th Century Modern Black Women’s Literature How Does Gender Affect Health? Human Trafficking as Modern Slavery Gender Structures in Education Why Do Men Commit More Crimes than Women? Are Assisted Reproductive Technologies Ethical? What Does It Mean to Be A Woman In The Workplace? What Challenges Do Women Leaders Face? Gender and Sexuality In The Modern United States Doing Research When you have chosen a good topic for your Women’s and Gender Studies essay, you have to do an in-depth research of a variety of relevant sources. You can find a lot of tools for research in your university library and in electronic databases. You should use data and primary sources related to Women’s History and Gender Studies such as: women’s letters and diaries; statistics; philosophical texts; historical works; literary works; interviews; popular magazines and newspapers etc. In fact, you can use any source that has a first-hand account of women’s and gender studies. Besides, you should look for ideas in different secondary sources such as articles in scientific journals, critical books, and secondary accounts which provide different opinions on women’s studies in general and on your topic in particular. You can find a lot of evidence to support your argument in artifacts such as new media, video art, graphic design, performance, museum installations, photographs, paintings, drawing, prints, architecture, and sculptures. While doing research, you should take notes of interesting ideas which you can use for citations and paraphrasing in your essay. Make sure you include correct details about the author and the title of the work which you are going to use for writing your paper. It’s important to properly document and clearly cite all the evidence that you include in your Women’s Gender Study essay. So, if you write down all the details about the evidence as you are doing research, you will save a lot of time on citing your sources in the text of your essay and creating a Reference page. The Writing Process When you have gathered enough evidence on your topic, you should use brainstorming techniques to determine the key points that you’ll discuss in your Women’s Gender Studies essay and make a working outline that will guide the writing process and help you stay focused on your argument. Your essay has to demonstrate that you can conduct an effective research and provide a critique of various scholarly sources. You have to show that you can synthesize multi-disciplinary approaches to Women’s Gender Studies and express your thoughts clearly and concisely. A detailed outline will help you achieve these goals. The typical essay structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. How to Write an Introduction You should start your introduction with a hook or an attention grabber that will engage your readers. It can be a provocative question, a statistics fact, an anecdote, a funny joke etc. But keep in mind that your hook should be relevant to your topic. After that, you need to introduce your topic by providing the context or the background information and end your introduction with a strong thesis statement. You have to briefly state your point of view in one sentence that will serve as a summary of your argument. When formulating your thesis, you should avoid vague words and be as specific and as clear as possible. In your thesis statement, you need to tell your audience what they should expect from the rest of your essay. You need to make a claim that other people may dispute and organize the evidence in the rest of your essay to convince your readers of the logic of your interpretation. Developing a strong thesis is not an easy thing because you have to gather and organize your evidence, find possible contrasts or similarities between facts, and think why these relationships are important. At first, you have to develop a â€Å"working thesis† that will help you in writing your draft and presenting your argument. Later, you can adjust your thesis and your argument as well. For example, if the topic of your Women’s Gender Studies essay is women’s human rights, your thesis statement may look like this: Gender equality is an important indicator for understanding global well-being and, despite many improvements with women’s rights around the world, numerous issues still exist in all areas of life. Writing Body Paragraphs All essays are made of multiple body paragraphs. Their function is to develop an argument that was outlined in the introduction. The success of your essay will depend on how well you can write and develop your body paragraphs. Each body paragraph covers one major point in the development of the overall argument. You need to state this main point in the topic sentence which is actually a mini-thesis sentence for every paragraph and support your topic sentence with evidence. Each body paragraph consists of 3 sections: A topic sentence tells the reader what main point the paragraph will make; The supporting sentences expand the major idea by providing details and evidence to back it up; A concluding sentence restates the main idea of the paragraph. When writing body paragraphs, you should pay attention to the following important aspects: A clear topic sentence that unifies the paragraph’s content; Relevant evidence or supporting details; Good examples, quotes from experts or/and statistics; Transitions between sentences within paragraphs; A convincing concluding statement. How to Write a Conclusion: Highlights from Our Academic Writers A conclusion is an important part of the Women’s Gender Studies essay that sums up the key points or provides a final perspective on the essay’s topic. There is no set formula you can follow when writing your conclusion. But don’t write too much – just a few strong sentences. You can briefly review the major points without restating them exactly or you can describe your personal views on the topic and your emotions. Besides, you can provide some recommendations for further research. Revising Stage of the Writing Process When you have written the first draft of your Women’s Gender Studies essay, it’s time to start revising your work and make improvements in the content, flow, and logic. You should focus on making the content of your essay clear to your readers. Be ready that you will need to revise your draft several times to ensure that it meets the requirements of your instructor and that you are satisfied with it. You should look at global or large-scale matters of your essay. During this stage, you can rearrange the order of your paragraphs, add some new material, and remove some sentences or even paragraphs to ensure that your argument is clear and concise. Sometimes, you may need to do additional research to find more supporting evidence for your key points. Here are some strategies you can use: Take a break for at least a night before you start revising your essay; Don’t try to make your draft perfect at once – ease the pressure; Read your draft aloud or ask a friend to read it aloud for you. When you listen, you are more likely to see where you should make improvements. When you have done multiple revisions and are satisfied with the content of your piece of writing, you can move to the final editing and proofreading stage. Add the Finishing Touches Now you should pay attention to smaller-scale matters such as: Word choice; Sentence structure; Punctuation, grammar, and spelling; Citation and document format; Capitalization. At this stage, you should also focus on making your Women’s Gender Studies essay meet the conventions of standard written English. A bit of routine work, but it will surely pay back.

Higher education in Angola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Higher education in Angola - Essay Example Education plays a crucial role in the success of a society or country. With globalization there is an increasing trend towards alterations in the field of education, in order to equip students with the capability of international standards. For this reason, a large number of countries have undergone changes in their education policies, specifically, higher education policies on state and national levels, which need assessment and evaluation. Therefore, this paper will specifically focus on the policies of higher education system of one of the countries of the African continent- Angola. In particular, the paper will focus on the process of policy development in Angolan higher education system while discussing the responses of higher education institutions, regarding decentralization policy developments in the country after the end of the civil war in 2002. Lastly, this paper will propose some recommendations that will be beneficial for the higher education system in Angola in the coming years. In addition, it is anticipated that this discussion and deliberation on higher education system of Angola and its process of education policy formation will enlighten readers in many ways. Most importantly it will highlight the discrepancies in the policy formulation and its implementation in real scenarios. Institutional amplifications have been a point of discussion in several countries. According to Chikering (2006), such amplifications and changes may imply several adjustments, namely institutional, social, and political ones: ‘As we pursue these changes, we would try to distinguish among four separate questions and address them discretely: Are the changes we contemplate consistent with our mission and institutional values? Is their design and implementation educationally sound? Are those designs and implementation strategies financially feasible? What are the

Incivility and Resolution Using an Ethical-Reasoning Tool Assignment

Incivility and Resolution Using an Ethical-Reasoning Tool - Assignment Example The nurse experienced embarrassment as there were a lot of other nurses and around (Clark, 2008). Example 2: A nursing staff member was shouted at loudly in front of all other nurses during a training session for nurses working in a healthcare setting. As a result, the nursing staff member started focusing on coping strategy instead of focusing on the lecture being taught. Example 3: During a meeting between the head of different departments of a healthcare setting, the Nursing department’s head raised his hand to provide insight regarding the issue being discussed. He was not acknowledged and his gesture of raising hand was ignored by the director of the healthcare institute. The National League for Nursing has devised a toolkit to counter issues such as incivility in healthcare settings (NLN, 2013). This tool kit has provided with several ways through which various concerns of healthcare settings can be resolved. The toolkit deals with issues such as compensation and benefits, leadership, healthcare setting’s environment and

Financial Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Investment - Research Paper Example The principles of time value of money and learning its techniques are the most important concepts for the study and application of finance in general. The concept of interest is divided between simple and compound interest. Simple interest is calculated only by taking into consideration the beginning principal. For instance, if an individual invested $1,000 dollars in a savings account at 5% annual interest, the expected return after one year would amount to a $50 gain on investment. The concept of compound interest unlike simple interest which only takes into consideration the interest return of the initial principal investment is determined by taking into consideration not only total interest on the principal, but it also includes any interest gained on the initial investment. In simple terms, compound interest calculations encompass interest on interest. It is of paramount importance for a finance manager to understand and have a through understanding of time value of money concep ts and its impact on the value of an asset at a specific point of time in order to be successful. Present and Future Value of an Investment For a company one of the most important tools in determination in the time value of money analysis for a specific asset is the cash flows time line. The cash flows time line indicates and helps us visualize when the cash flows related to a particular transaction occur in respect to when the transaction originated. Constructing a cash flow time line will help determine how the timing of cash inputs and outputs will affect the day to day operations of the firm. By utilizing the cash flows time line a person can determine the potential future value of an investment today and how the process of compounding interest on the initial investment affects the total value of the initial investment and its aggregate return on the simple interest. In order to calculate the effect of compound interest in an investment a person needs to use the compound interes t formula (Studyfinance). TV = P1 (1+I)^n TV= total value investment value at the end of n periods P1= initial investment I= interest N= number of periods or years Finance textbooks provide the user with future and present compound interest tables. These tables are calculated in order to simplify the process and provide a guideline to the user with help in determining present and future value of any investment. The tables provided are calculated by determining the value of an initial investment for various time periods and interest rates. The opportunity value of an investment is the rate of return on the best investment alternative taking into consideration the available options of equal risk. On the other side of the coin, the compounded present value of an initial investment is calculated by determining the reciprocal amount of compound interest for the same future period (Studyfinance). Another way of visualizing present value of an investment is to adopt a stance where the init ial investment value is determined by the interest rate and time period of the future investment window. For investors present value calculations determine where individuals invest their limited funds taking into consideration their actual financial performance and risks and overall return. For potential investors present

What Is The Propaganda Model?

What Is The Propaganda Model? When Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky discussed the propaganda model in the book called Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media  from the political economy viewpoint. They pointed out that money and power can filter some of the information, allowing the government and politicians to spread their words to the public. Although the purpose of media is not for propaganda only, the main proportion of it is used for propaganda (Herman Chomsky, 1988). They argue that every piece of original daily news in America is under strict checking before they can be published, the news gatekeepers including ownership, advertiser and sources. From this point, the media are totally lost in serving those who can control and support them, representing the interest of the wealthy and powerful class in the society. They called the checking process as five filters of the news, which is also the central notion of the propaganda model. The newsfilters are ranging from money dominators , advertisers, sources, to flak and anticommunism. Through analysing the five filters, they are dividing the propaganda model into two types: the first pattern is characterized as checked through the official censorship to serve those who are the dominant class in the society. While the latter propaganda type is difficult to be noticed, the media always discloses scandal by the authorities and criticized the government to convince the public. Once the general public have trusted the media, they will naturally follow the media and support those government policies that media is advocating. That is publicity gambit played between the media and the dominant class. The latter type is more important in Chomskys opinion. The first filter illustrates that the investors monopolized the media. Take the newspaper for example, fierce competition in the profit driven free market result in emphasizing more about the readers. Moreover, the progress of technique means the cost is increasing, for the working class newspaper, the cost is relatively low, thus then, and they have to quit the competitive market. Since the media entered the profit-driven market, the capital of the giant media firms are generally controlled by the large enterprise, the board, the stockholders and the bankers in the enterprise are caring more about the profit rather than the quality of the news. Thereby, it is not surprising that the media giants are tied up with wealthy circles. The media are highly reliance on the advertisers in the profit-driven market, which means the choosing of the advertisers, will influence the media profoundly. On one hand, the considerable revenue from advertising will naturally increase the popular media product. In other word, it is impossible to get the support from the advertisers without the ratings guarantee. As Herman and Chomsky (Herman Chomsky, 1988.) argued in their book that it was the buying power from the audience attracting the media most. As a result, it is not difficult to understand why the newspaper is going backwards and in crisis while the society is developing. On the other hand, Advertisers often discriminate both the working class and radical media politically (Herman Chomsky, 1988), in which the advertisers would rather consider more about those who have great purchasing power than the poor. News source is the third filter. Sources form the government and the company can meet the need of media organization: using the reliable sources from the government and the company, can ensure the objective of news reporting; on the other hand, through getting the news sources from the government and the giant company, the publications can cut out a great deal of unnecessary expenditure spending on investigating other unreliable sources. Herman and Chomsky called the fourth filter as flak and the enforces (Herman Chomsky, 1988, p.26.), that is, the government and the major corporation are able to put pressure on the media. Here, flak means bad feedback of a media programme. The media will pay great price for the negative response; they have to defend themselves in or out of the institution, even in the court. Moreover, the advertisers will pull the advertisement as well. According to Chomsky, the flak is generally from the person in authority. Under such pressures, the media can only represent the interest of the investors. The fifth filter is called anticommunism as a control mechanism. In here, they are referring to the media are advocating communism policies (policies that are threatening the property profit, especially the America property profit) as a threat to the bourgeoisie. As stated above, the first three filters are more important in the propaganda theory. Essentially speaking, the methodology of the propaganda model is the same as other theories; they are beginning with loads of hypotheses, and then go back to the assumption through personal experience (Klaehn, 2003). Although Jeffery (2003) argues that the propaganda model is a concept result from the analysis on the relation of media and the authorities systematically and logically. However, different from other research, Chomskys evidences seem to be lacking of persuasion. In addition, this model is mainly focusing on the newsroom structure, it cannot be used to analyse the general journalism practice. Besides, although Klaehn has explained some criticism about the difference between gatekeeper theory and propaganda model, and argued the propaganda model is only used for the analysis of the framework but not the psychological process of the media (Klaehn, 2005). There are some similarities still can be found between them: the aim of the news agency is to satisfy the advertisers rather than attract the audiences under the profit-driven market; every piece of news need to be revised step by step before being printed; in order to reduce the cost, a large number of news agencies are trying to decrease the investigative content in order to avoid being criticized or lawsuits. Obviously, Chomskys propaganda model is largely focusing on the American journalism in the Cold War period. He argues that the propaganda model played an important role during the Cold War period; the media is surly the core of the model. He is not only suspecting that the media is stifling public criticism of the government, keeping the public away from the truth; but even considering that the media is responsible for protracting the Cold War. The propaganda model is widely applicable in America because of the news culture in the US (Chomsky, 2007).Most of the media group in the US are belonging to the private ownership and not subsidized by the government, almost financially independent. Large amounts of the media are controlled by a limited number of big companies, who are also getting on well with the government through the political donations on the trade of weapons. Consequently, they are sometimes involving in the national policy making as well. Meanwhile, the sources of news are required to be obtained through the official channels, such as the press conference or the personal interview. In order to get the first hand information, the journalists need to be getting on well with the government agencies, which will also affect the media attitude towards the politics. From the Chomskys propaganda model it can be seen that in order to strengthen the objective image to the public, the media ownership are using the way of conglomeration and merger of small media companies to make grater in power, influence, stature, or reputation. Sometimes, the government played an accomplice role in this process, charging some small media companies to let them bankruptcy because of the heavily cost of the lawsuit, while the giant media is benefit from the influence and power. Thus it can be seen that the media and the government in the US are closely connected. Because of that, media in the US are always exercising self-censorship. Although Chomsky uses the propaganda model to criticize the media in the Europe, it is lacking of generalizability after all. Klaehn has written on her article that there was a common criticism on the propaganda model: the propaganda model is to be analyzed under the hypothesized condition that there is no difference among the internal the ruling class, but that will never happen in the reality (Klaehn, J. 2002). As Chomsky and Herman have explained in their book, it is similar to the emphasis within the book, the propaganda of some authoritative country is different to the media of the U.S. In fact, spirited debates is allowed and encouraged in the U.S., only when it does not cross the line. (Herman Chomsky, 1988). Moreover, they have made another further explanation that we used the concepts of worthy and unworthy victims to describe this dichotomization, with a trace of irony as the varying treatment was clearly related to political and economic advantage rather than anything like actual worth (Herman, 2000). Talking about this, Colin Sparks, from the University of Westminster has suspected whether this model can be used to explain every context of the media in the UK. Colin Sparks (Sparks, 2007) took the example of the Iraq War reporting in the UK and argued there were lots of researches showing that many media in the UK doubted the legitimacy and appropriateness of the Iraq war. He believes propaganda model neglect the complication of capitalist society. From the economical aspects, the conflicting interests among the different department within the capitalism will be everlasting. It is well known that the US media nearly monopolize the media industry in the world. The propaganda model has archived the largest utility during the international news communication. However, media in other countries are not always following what the Americans want. When the reporting does harm the interest of the country or the reporting is iniquitously unjust, each media organization in the single country will put up resistance. UK is not an exception. 20th March, 2003, the allied forces of US and Britain started the Iraq war without the authorization of the United Nations Security Council. During the prewar and postwar time, the US media has made every attempt to advocate the propaganda model, controlling and intervening the news reporting, in order to ask for support. Although both the United Kingdom and the United States is the staunchest ally during the war, the way of reporting the war was very different because of their different attitude towards the Iraq war. Comparing with the patriotism reporting in the America, news in the UK was obviously impartial. Not only reporting the British and American forces attacked the Iraq forces, but also relayed the civilian casualties,Moreover,they also made some independent comment on the war, even some criticism were totally different from the America announcement. Brookes and Lewis has analyzed the British Television Media; they choose the four main News channels as a sample of how they reported the Iraqi War, including BBC 1, ITV News, Channel4News and Sky channels. They were mainly focusing on three aspects. Whether Iraq owned weapons of mass destruction, the viewpoint of whether Iraqi civilians wish to be liberate from the governance of Saddam and whether the nature of Saddams politics was vicious. The result showed 86% of report tends to agree that Iraq does own weapons of mass destruction (Lewis Brookes, 2004). Those who believe warfare can liberate Iraq are double of the amount of the reports of attack Iraq. More than half of the reports believe that Saddams policies makes Iraq civilian feels they are under pressure and pain. Even channel4 news report seems to have a fair opinion; Brookes and Lewis still give a conclusion of British Television is biased towards the government. In addition, Couldry and Doweny (Allan Zelizer, 2004) analyzed seven newspapers report before the Iraq War started (2003 January to Mid February). They mainly focus on whether media should investigate of the reason of starting a war. Result shown that the right-wing newspaper like The Times, The Sun, Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail might or might not support the starting of the war. Newspapers such as Daily Mirror, Independence, Guardiance is considered to be focus on the benefit of the nation and is opposite to the west-ring newspaper is doubting the reason and moral standard on the reason of starting a war towards Iraq. Robertson (Robertson, 2004) chose two Scotland papers The Herald and The Scotsman as the subject of the study and analyses on the report that have been done on the Iraqi war. Its purpose is to analyzing whether the Scotland newspaper is playing a role of watchdog or lapdog. The study shows that both newspaper report the action have been taken in the Iraqi war and the result they have achieve during the war. In comparison, the reports related to the destruction of the facilities in Iraq, the impact towards the public hygiene, environment and social order is relatively less covered within the reports. There are also 2775 cases in total mention about the victims, even those who have rarely cover the death of Iraqi civilian, Arabs and Muslim people. Based on the research from the scholars, there are some specific antiwar news. For example, Daily Mirror in the UK has published two pictures in the front page, which is George Bush with a smile in one picture with a crying Iraq woman on the war wrecks in another picture, with the title he likes it; moreover, Daily Mirror criticized that the Iraq war was pointless, horrible, and appealed to the UK government to stop the war. In addition, The Independent and other newspaper in the UK had replied to Bushs announcement about the war will last for no matter how long it will require on the 28th, March, and it was widely accepted that the longer the war lasts, the heavier the economic losses will be suffering, the more political price will be paid as well. Besides, on the 25th April, the former president of BBC Greg Dyke had delivered a speech in the University of London, he criticized that the news from the America media was over impartial and could not illustrate all the truth from the battlefield, which Greg Dyke was called distorted patriotism. During the war time, the propaganda model was not applicable to explain the media in the UK; on the contrary, it works on few specific cases nowadays. In the 24th, November, 2009, a committee was set up in the UK to investigate the legality of the Iraq war. The result of the investigation will be put out after the election around the end of 2010. The investigation time and scope will be arranging from 2001 until the end of July, 2009, including every stage the British army prepare for the war, go to the war and pullout. Many former government high officers will involve in the inquiry as well. To all appearances, it is difficult to use the propaganda model to explain this. According to the propaganda model, in order to be trusted by the public, the media disclosures scandals of the authorities and criticized the government. Different from this time, once the commission has investigated that the Iraq war is illegal, most of the media organisations that had supported the war would be accused. Instead of gaining the belief from the public, there is no denying that the media are just digging their own graves. In my opinion, the news of Iraq war investigative commission just follows the propaganda mode, getting the trust from the public through criticising the government without being noticed. It is a fight among the political party results in setting the investigative commission. Firstly, talking about the announcement that the investigation result will be published after the election. On one hand, this timing will not diminish the effect of the political propaganda; on the other hand, an opened interrogation was conducted by an investigative group on the commanders and politicians who is involved in the Iraq war, the purpose of that is to advertise and to build up the publicity for Gordon Brown during the election. Secondly, the result of the investigation will make no sense. The Guardian (Sparrow, 2009) argued that the Iraq inquiry was not the responsibility for the investigative commission to judge whether the Iraq war is legal or not. In addition, there is no lawyer and judge in the commission team and all the team members are chosen by Gordon Brown, thus then the so called investigation is just conducting in a perfunctory way. If there is a real need to investigate in the lies and acts the British and the American government have done in the Iraq war, it is then necessary to be carry out by international organisations, such as UN Commission on Human Rights or International Criminal Tribunal. The commission will not dig out the crime that they have done, but in fact they cover up the facts from the public. To sum up the above arguments, it is not surprising that the propaganda model has been strongly criticized by some people. Herman and Chomskys Propaganda Model does not explain every media in every context; it is too rigid in its causal argument and lack of accurate support. Yet we live in a world, changes take place all the time, there is no adaptable news model that is suitable forever. Even in a country, as media in the UK, there would be a variety of news reporting towards one event. Although some of the news can be analysed by the propaganda model while others cannot. In a word, the propaganda model is lack of practicalness and general applicability.

Capital Punishment Essay: The Death Penalty and the Eighth Amendment :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Death Penalty and the Eighth Amendment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is the death penalty consistent with the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against the imposition of cruel and unusual punishments? This essay will address this question and present a short history of the death penalty in America.    The Supreme Court considered particular applications of the death penalty in the 1940s and 1950s. In each case it upheld the state's action without addressing the larger issue of the death penalty's constitutionality. In the 1960s, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, led by Professor Anthony Amsterdam mounted a full-scale attack on the death penalty. Adopting a "moratorium strategy," the LDF succeeded in blocking all executions for five years, creating a "death-row logjam."    In Furman v Georgia in 1972, the Court invalidated all then-existing death penalty laws based on the inherent arbitrariness of their application. Most observers at the time concluded that there would never again be an execution in the United States. They were wrong. In 1976, in Gregg v. Georgia, the Court upheld Georgia's new capital-sentencing procedures, concluding that they had sufficiently reduced the problem of arbitrary and capricious imposition of death associated with earlier statutes.    The Court continued to face questions concerning the application of the death penalty: to non-murderers, to minors, to mentally disabled prisoners, to racial minorities. One such case is McCleskey v. Kemp, a challenge based on a study that showed murderers of white victims were far more likely to be sentenced to death than murderers of black victims.    The Eighth Amendment says: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted (Constitution).   How does it square with the actual facts of capital punishment: 1. The average inmate put to death in 1998 spent ten years and ten months on death row. 2. In 1998, 285 people were sentenced to death. 3. At the close of 1999, Texas has the most prisoners on death row (39), followed by California (31), and Alabama and Florida (25 each). 4. Over 3,500 prisoners are currently on death row. 5. Thirty-nine states have death penalty laws on their books.    One of the most eloquent attacks on the death penalty ever delivered in an American courtroom came in the Leopold & Loeb Case in 1924. Clarence Darrow's eloquence is often credited with saving the lives of two confessed teenaged murderers.