Good Essay Topics For High School

Good Essay Topics For High SchoolGood essay topics for high school are usually pretty easy to come by, but it's hard to find good topics for that are an honest reflection of yourself. Even when you are sure of your own self-awareness, you can still be bombarded with too many personal questions and difficult situations to think straight about them.When you want to start writing your own essays for high school, you should consider using one of the following topics for high school. Using one of these will make it easier for you to turn your topic into something memorable and meaningful to those reading your essay.One good example is that of why one of your parents or family members might be an alcoholic. A good topic for a high school that will make people remember your parents well is that of alcoholism. Using this as a theme can go a long way towards helping your readers recall the problems that they have faced with their own families.In addition to how your topic will be remembered, it is also important to know that good essay topics for high school are usually not very different from each other. You have to remember that high school is going to present you with problems and difficulties that you have never faced before. It's up to you to make sure that you are not using one problem to help you build your essay to the next level.Another way to avoid the pitfalls of repeating yourself is to write a single essay topic that deals with all of the subjects that you are concerned with in high school. This will make sure that you are not repeating yourself in order to just cover one or two topics.Good essay topics for high school include anything related to your family. If you have a large family, you need to write a single essay about each member of your family. When you can do this, your readers will remember your family members even if you did not bring them up during your high school years.If you are currently going through a lot of stress in your life, you should write an essay on how you will overcome your difficulties. Perhaps you will discuss some situations that you went through in high school, or maybe some current events that you find stressful. The important thing is that you keep your readers reading so that they will feel better about your work.These are some of the best ideas for good essay topics for high school. You can use any one of these ideas in your essay, or you can take a break from any of them and turn your essay into something original. Regardless of what you decide to do, remember that you can always come back to these topics again, and that is the beauty of high school.

The Progression of Alzheimers Disease - Free Essay Example

Alzheimers is a progressive disease that affects ones memory and brain functions. It is currently the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. Although it is not yet a disease that is understood, scientist and researchers believe that the causes of Alzheimers can be genetic and related to lifestyle and environmental factors. While no direct cause has been linked to the disease, unhealthy lifestyles can significantly increase a persons chance of developing Alzheimers as well as other diseases. While its common in people of advanced aged, it is not a natural part of the aging process. Other risk factors can be past head trauma, lifestyle, and gender. Those with Down Syndrome and Mild Cognitive Impairment also have an increased chance of the disease. (Symptoms Causes, 2017). According to Progression of Alzheimers (2017), one of the main indications of Alzheimers disease is the build of amyloid plaques in the brain and twisted fibers found inside the brains nerve cells referred to as tangles. The tangles are a collapse of microtubule fibers made up of proteins that transport important substances between brain cells. Those who develop the disease are found to have loss of brain cells and brain shrinkage leading to memory loss and the inability to perform daily tasks and routines. These changes in the brain can occur long before symptoms of the disease can begin to occur. An absolute diagnosis of Alzheimers can be made by the presence of these abnormalities in the brain and by the symptoms and the progression of symptoms over time. Some blood and spinal test have been developed, but to date are only slightly more accurate than a diagnosis based on the symptoms alone. (Mace Rabins 2006) Alzheimers can be identified in three basic stages: early stage, moderate stage, and the late stage. In the early stage, a person can still function on their own and interact socially and appear to be normal. They may be beginning to experience trouble remembering names or retaining new information and forgetting where they placed objects last. A person experiencing these symptoms may not think much of them as they occur and, in most cases, write them off as common forgetfulness. As the disease progresses to the moderate stage these symptoms can worsen and will be noticeable to those around them. They will likely be unable to perform a simple task such as showering, dressing and daily grooming on their own. He or she may become emotional and frustrated, sometimes causing uncharacteristic emotional outbursts. Personal details such as their own name or birthdate become harder to remember. Some individuals at this stage may start to lose control of their bodily functions and have troubl e sleeping. The confusion can lead to depression and the need to isolate. There is also a higher risk for wandering and getting lost. By the late stages of Alzheimers, individuals have lost full ability to interact and or respond to their surroundings. They may have the ability to communicate but can be incoherent, rambling things that do not make sense and can find it difficult to express their needs. There is a high likelihood that their personality would have changed significantly. He or she will need constant care and supervision in daily activities. The final stages of Alzheimers are marked by a severe decline in communication and ability to respond to their surroundings. They may even experience difficulty eating and swallowing. Individuals at this stage will also be more susceptible to other infections such as pneumonia and can become ill more frequently. (Stages of Alzheimers 2018)

Absorbance - Chemistry Glossary Definition

Absorbance is a measure of the quantity of light absorbed by a sample. It is also known as optical density, extinction, or decadic absorbance. The property is measured using spectroscopy, particularly for quantitative analysis. Typical units of absorbance are called absorbance units, which have the abbreviation AU and are dimensionless. Absorbance is calculated based on either the amount of light reflected or scattered by a sample or by the amount transmitted through a sample. If all light passes through a sample, none was absorbed, so the absorbance would be zero and the transmission would be 100%. On the other hand, if no light passes through a sample, the absorbance is infinite and the percent transmission is zero. The Beer-Lambert law is used to calculate absorbance: A ebc Where A is absorbance (no units, A log10  P0  / P)e  is the molar absorptivity with units of L mol-1  cm-1b  is the path length of the sample, usually the length of a cuvette in centimetersc  is the concentration of a solute in solution, expressed in mol/L Sources IUPAC (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book).Zitzewitz, Paul W. (1999). Glencoe Physics. New York, N.Y.: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. p. 395. ISBN 0-02-825473-2.

Types Of Relationships Between Parents And Adolescents

Types of relationships. There are different types of relationships between adults and adolescents and they all have different dynamics. Miller-Day discussed four different types of relationships between parents and adolescents. Although they were discussed as parent-adolescent relationships, these types of relationships can also exist between school counselors and adolescent students. Miller-Day described laissez faire, consensual, pluralistic, and protective relationships. These types of relationships all differ in their combination of conversation orientation and conformity orientation. Laissez faire relationships have low conversation and low conformity, consensual relationships have high conversation and high conformity, pluralistic relationships have high conversation and low conformity, and protective conversations have low conversation and high conformity (2008). Awareness of the different types of relationships is important because it determines how an adolescent receives a m essage from an adult. Conversation orientation refers to the amount of discussion on a subject and the amount of individual input. Conformity orientation refers to the amount of conformity required in a relationship and often results in a â€Å"because I said so† type of attitude. The way a decision is come to the message of an expectation is relayed will affect the feelings that come from it. View of relationship. The way in which adolescents and adults view their relationship with one another hasShow MoreRelatedParental Supervision and Adolescent Drinking Behavior1591 Words   |  7 PagesI. Hypothesis. The purpose of this research is to find out if parental supervision has an influence in adolescents’ drinking behavior. II. Literature Review. Research suggests that parents play an important role in the lives of children. Some of these parents have a negative or positive influence on the lives of the children. Shin, Edwards, Heeren, Amodeo (2009) stated that in the United Stated nearly 3.3 million referrals were made to state and local child protective servicesRead MoreChild Development Theories Within The Field Of Psychology Essay928 Words   |  4 Pageslead to the typical features of individuals. Evidently, parent is one key topic in various child development theories since parents generally provide the whole living environment for children. For example, it is one dominant component of the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological approach.Parenting styles are referred as the general traits and characteristics of the strategies that parents used to deal with their children. There are 4 types of parenting styles which were divided by responsivenessRead MoreGeneral Strain Theory And Its Effects On Adol escent Delinquency913 Words   |  4 Pages must be focused on the negative emotions, behavior and actions of the individual, and relationships developed through interaction. A family based program is a program that could be implemented. The idea behind a family oriented program would be designed to address family bond and communication between the parents and children. Studies done in the past support the notion that relationship between the parents and child, as well as the strain experienced, can lead the child to delinquency. A surveyRead MoreThe Association Of Parent Adolescent Relationships And Adolescent Relationship With Their Peers Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pageswas to examine the association of parent-adolescent relationships and the adolescent’s relationship with their peers. Previous research has found that parents do play a crucial role in shaping a child’s social skills and in their relationships with peers but this is prior to adolescence. The literat ure review had found that studies on parental influences through adolescence are not as common and the ones that were available typically only focused on how parents and peers influence social developmentRead MoreAdolescent Runaways Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesharder than living in a home with an adolescent - and thats being an adolescent. The moodiness, the volatility, the wholesale lack of impulse control, all would be close to clinical conditions if they occurred at another point in life. In adolescence, theyre just part of the behavioral portfolio. In brief, adolense presents a wide array of issues, and these issues help determine who a teenager becomes; the issue of runaway teenagers is no different. Adolescent runaways are a small problem relativeRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Single Parenting Adolescents And Young Adults1431 Words   |  6 PagesLong term effects of single parenting in adolescents and young adults In today’s world, single-parent families become the opposite of the so-called â€Å"nuclear family†, which consists of a mom, a dad, and children. Single-parent households increased in the last 20 years and today, finding a family headed by: mothers, fathers, and grandparents only appears normal. This new pattern creates difficulties on children because single-parents tend to devote more time to work in order to achieve financial stabilityRead MoreAdolescent s Relationship With A Biological And Step Parent1401 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: When a parent begins a serious relationship after divorce, there is a change in family dynamics which can affect the adolescent in several ways. An adolescent’s emotional well-being is affected due to the sudden change in one’s life. A new relationship can cause conflict in that when both families come together to form one unit, each family is bringing in one’s own set of beliefs and feelings. In order for a family to become one unit, each member of the family must be a cohesive systemRead MoreWhat Is Reciprocal Socialization Means And Give 1-2 Examples That May Demonstrate It1385 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe what reciprocal socialization means and give 1-2 examples that might demonstrate it. Reciprocal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them (pg. 260). One example the book given is if the parent is hostile, hostile parenting is associated with negative outcomes for adolescents such as being defiant. I think another example is a client that was mentioned in class she felt as if her existence was the cause of someone’s misery.Read MoreAttachment, Antisocial, And Antisocial Behavior1716 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents Secure early infant attachments are imperative to a person’s life because it assists in the development of empathy and emotional self-regulation. A healthy development of empathy and emotional self-regulation promotes prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is the deliberate action of helping and/or benefiting another person, group, or society in general without any thought of being rewarded. Securing an early infant attachment can develop an automaticRead MoreDating Violence And Its Effects On Society1383 Words   |  6 PagesViolence within a dating relationships has its negative effects on all people regardless of their age, race, or gender. It is safe to say dating violence crosses all racial, economic and social lines. Granting, one generally views it as being extremely detrimental when the violence occurs within an adolescent relationship. This could in part be due to the fact that the perception many people hold is that young people probably should not even be partak ing in â€Å"serious relationships† in the first place.

The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - 1821 Words

In June 2015, the Republic of South Korea experienced an outbreak of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was rapidly transmitted across the general population. Transmission was most active within medical institutions, specifically the emergency rooms because of their overcrowded conditions. There are several interventions that can reduce the risk for MERS outbreaks in South Korea; however, the government’s lack of response in 2015 led to an epidemic that was larger than necessary. Furthermore, although there is currently no vaccine for the disease, MERS transmission is preventable with proper containment and infection control procedures. For this reason, international health organizations and governments have made efforts in implementing new public health agendas that have shown progress in various aspects, but additional research is still needed for short-term and long-term countermeasures. If the South Korean government can review its response me thods, then South Korea has the potential to prevent rapid transmission in future MERS outbreaks. Introduction The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 from the Middle Eastern region, particularly the Arabian Peninsula (Banik). The MERS-CoV is a single-stranded RNA virus that, similar to the SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses, is prone to viral mutations that allow for the development of an enhanced human-to-human transmission (Chowell, Banik, Hui). AnimalShow MoreRelatedThe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the C lineage of the Betacoronavirus genus. Since its identification in 2012 in a patient from Saudi Arabia, there have been seven hundred one laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV in eight different countries, boasting an alarming thirty-five percent patient fatality rate. Both alphacoronaviruses (alphaCoVs) and betacoronaviruses (betaCoVs) have been known to cause human disease, but a majorityRead MoreThe Middle East Re spiratory Syndrome2108 Words   |  9 PagesSaudi Arabia is a country that is known to attract religious visitors from around the world to take part in the yearly pilgrimage of Hajj or Umrah. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a new infectious disease that is creating an uproar in the world because of the yearly gathering of around 3 to 4 million muslims to participate in Hajj and the year-long influx of pilgrims partaking in Umrah (Lessler et al., 2014). According to the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control (2014), the firstRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Report Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome, also referred to as MERS-CoV, is a novel coronavirus that emerged in April 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The coronavirus causes severe repertory illness in humans in which nearly half of the reported cases have been fatal. Middle East Respiratory MERS-CoV has â€Å"also been shown to infect a range of human, primate, porcine, and bat cell lines† (Emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). 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To figure out what this virus was, doctor and researchers collected nasal sputum from individuals who were sick with what see med like a new strain of the flu (WHO). This is when they discovered that the infectious agent of the illness was actually a coronavirus, which they called a novel coronavirus (CDPH). However, they renamed the coronavirus Middle East RespiratoryRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)656 Words   |  3 PagesMERS-CoV is a respiratory disease that was first found in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus can cause people to get diseases such as the common cold to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). MERS-CoV cases have been found in a few countries throughout the world, but mostly have been found in Middle Eastern countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. 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SARS is a very new and rare disease. SARS was officially recognized as a threat by the World Health Organization in March of 2003. This outbreak was the only one ever recorded of its type, up until the recent Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Scientists recognized SARS as a variation of the coronavirus. In humans, theRead MoreWgu C228 Task2 Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesCommunicable Disease: MERS Outbreak In September of 2012, beginning in the country of Saudi Arabia, hospitals began seeing increased cases of a respiratory virus never before seen in humans. They named it Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS. MERS is a viral respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus. It was originally thought to have started there in Saudi Arabia. It was not until later that they were able to trace the origin back to Jordan starting in April of 2012. All outbreaks of MERSRead MoreGlobal Health Challenges Of India1675 Words   |  7 Pagessexually transmitted disease. It is one of global challenge which is face. HIV/AIDS are very well known infectious diseases in the world as Global burden diseases. These diseases greatest concern to people living in most low- and middle income countries and each causes more deaths each year. Many people faced stigma because of these diseases. HIV/AIDS:- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection spread when body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluid

Nursing Ethics, Law and Professional Code of Practice

CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT S I N G A P O R E N U R S I N G B O AR D CONTENTS PAGE I II A Preamble Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct Nurses/Midwives and their clients Value Statement 1: Value Statement 2: Value Statement 3: Value Statement 4: Respect clients’ individual values and needs Respect and promote clients’ autonomy Respect clients’ right to confidentiality Respect and preserve clients’ privacy and dignity B Nurses/Midwives and their practice Provide care in a responsible and accountable manner Value Statement 6: Value Statement 7: Value Statement 8: Maintain competency in the care of clients Advocate in the best interest of clients Maintain a high ethical standard in the conduct of research C Nurses/Midwives†¦show more content†¦actively involve their clients in the planning and delivery of care. provide care regardless of clients’ gender, ethnicity, religion, age, health and socio-economic status. Value Statement 2 : Respect and promote clients’ autonomy. Nurses/midwives shall respect the clients’ right for self-determination and provide them with whatever information they require to make informed decisions concerning their own care. 4 Ethical practice points Nurses/midwives shall 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 inform clients about the nursing care options that are available. assist clients in obtaining the necessary information from appropriate sources, when what is required is beyond the nurse/midwife’s scope. respect the informed decision of competent clients to accept or refuse care. obtain consent for nursing interventions where necessary and collaborate with other members of the health care team to obtain consent for medical treatment. 2.5 When clients are incapable of making informed choices, consent should be sought from family members or significant others. provide appropriate care until alternative arrangements are made, if the nurse/midwife is unable to comply with the client’s requests because they run contrary to the law or the nurse’s moral beliefs. Value Statement 3 : Respect clients’ right to confidentiality. Nurses/midwives shall maintain the confidentiality of all informationShow MoreRelatedEthics And Code Of Professional Conduct1598 Words   |  7 Pagessome of the legislations and Tort laws that are directly associated with the nursing profession and also the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia’s (NMBA) Code of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct. Failure to provide care within these parameters could lead to serious consequences for the patient and nurse themselves. Enrolled Nurses must work within certain legal and ethical parameters to ensure appropriate care is provided to patients and also so the nursing profession itself is upheld inRead MoreThe American Nurses Association1130 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide care to many individuals whom have their own unique set of ethics, values, morals, and beliefs by which may be very different from our own. Because of our professional role, we must use lifelong learning as a tool to broaden our views, increase our knowledge, and understand the influences which affect it. To make this possible, we have to continually educate ourselves about the nursing laws, professional standards, and code of ethics all of which we are committed to. American Nurses AssociationRead MoreApplying the D.E.C.I.D.E Model of Decision Making1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfiancà © and also registered nurse (RN) Jane and the Director of Nursing (DON) Ms Day. Specific areas for discussion include the five moral frameworks, autonomy, beneficence, Non – maleficence, justice and veracity in relation with each person involved as supported by Arnold and Boggs (2013) and McPherson (2011). An identification and review of the breached code of ethics and the breached code of conduct in reference with the Nursing, Council, and Federation (2008) will be addressed. Lastly a briefRead MoreCode Of Ethics And National And International Charters1023 Words   |  5 Pages3. Body paragraph – code of ethics and national and international charters. In addition to the analysis for the case study, there are code of the ethics and laws in place that health professionals such as nurses must apply, when considering what should be done for the patient at the end-of-life. According to Kerridge et al., (2013) the law and ethics are different yet interrelated, the law are compulsory regulations that health practitioners must adhere to. The code of ethics in Australia, is aRead MorePolitical Awareness Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesand outcomes for all. Nurse leaders must stay informed and become involved as an advocate influencing changes in policy, laws, and/or regulations that govern the health care system they practice in. At times the advocacy requires a nurse leader to become more involved beyond their immediate level of practice and into the world of politics and policy. The health care practice arena is impacted by decisions made by our legislative bodies at the federal and state levels. The changes in health careRead MoreThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of acting ethically when working as a nurse. Introduction: Ethics is an essential aspect of health care practice and those working in the nursing profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture, upbringingRead MoreCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages Wendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotionRead MoreLegal and Ethical Issues Faced by Nurses792 Words   |  3 PagesPage 1: What primary relationships do you see between legal and ethical issues faced by nurses in their practice? How would you explain these relationships to others? As well as medical caregivers, nurses must confront some of the most serious human dilemmas all individuals muse over, such as death and dying. Nurses often deal with extreme ethical conundrums on a daily basis. These concerns include end-of-life issues, caring for an elderly or disabled relative, the proper way to raise a childRead MoreForensic Nursing Codes Of Ethics1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe profession of nursing has many vast specialties. Although every specialty, including forensic nursing, has its unique population and scope of practice, every field of nursing can and should utilize the Codes of Ethics from the American Nurses Association. The 2015 Code â€Å"addresses individual as well as collective nursing intentions and actions; it requires each nurse to demonstrate ethical competence in professional life† (ANA, 2015, p. 7). This code can be broken down into nine provisions whichRead MoreANA Code of Ethics1214 Words   |  5 PagesANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual)

Responsible for the American Involvement in Vietnam free essay sample

Kennedy was more responsible for American involvement in Vietnam than Johnson. Is this a reasonable view? The debates surrounding responsibility for the Vietnam War are extremely controversial. Intervention can be dated back as far as President Truman in 1950 when he began to provide economic and military aid to the French in order to prevent Communist transpolar. American intervention escalated through the various policies of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy and finally to Lyndon Johnson, when Vietnam became an American War.American combat troops did not enter Vietnam until 1964, when the Gulf of Tontine Resolution as passed and rapid military escalation followed. This is why many Historians argue that Johnson was more responsible for American involvement in Vietnam; arguing that Kennedy was opposed from the beginning to the infiltration of American troops. However, the argument arises that Kennedy put Johnson into a position where he had no other choice but to escalate, where withdrawal would have deplorable consequences. John F. Kennedy was a strong believer of Eisenhower Domino Theory. It followed the notion that if Vietnam fell to Communism, the rest of South-East Asia would also succumb and as Eisenhower conveyed- the possible consequences of loss are just incalculable to the free world. 1 Kennedy reiterated this belief incessantly throughout his Presidency to which gives reason to Historians such as Paterson, Clifford and Hogan to believe that Kennedy had the incentive to pursue the war.They argue that because Kennedy perceived Communists as one international conspiracy; implementing the Domino Theory, and so respectively increased the Vietnamese presence. 2 They describe Kennedys Presidential term as pivotal to American involvement. 3 Therefore, Kennedys belief in his ability to conquer Communism (and after witnessing Traumas loss in China) fueled his determination to persist in Vietnam. Lawrence Bassett and Stephen Peel state how Kennedy believed Eisenhower had been too passive with South Vietnam and persevered to shift from the defense to the offense. 4 Bassett and Peel use various examples of Kennedys military escalations to support their idea that Kennedy was determined to stop Vietnam falling to Communism. If we refer to NASA 11 1 we see evidence of Kennedys plans for increases in litany advisers, helicopters and equipment. 6 They continue to argue that Eisenhower policy in Vietnam provided Kennedy with other options than to support the Diem regime;7 further escalating, making him responsible for American involvement in Vietnam.John Newman argues averted that the situation in Vietnam was already unruly prior to his Presidential election, and so cannot be held responsible for American intervention, arguing that he never would have sent troops in-8 However, the fact Kennedy continued to increase the number of advisers in South Vietnam, supply heavy artillery and he aid he provided increased to hundreds of millions of American dollars, proves Kennedy invested a lot in Vietnam.Although his involvement was limited, it still escalat ed throughout his Presidential reign and by his death in 1964, he had committed 16,000 military personnel to Vietnam. 9 With South Vietnam now heavily relying on America, we must ask ourselves how easy it would have been for Johnson to withdraw. Bassett and Peel argue that Kennedys bilateral aid lead to further escalation of the Vietnam War, leading Johnson with no other choice but to introduce American troops. They argue that Kennedy raised the costs of withdrawal for his successor. 10 David Halters agrees, arguing that Kennedy set a precedent for Johnson in Vietnam. 1 1 Bassett and Peel go as far to say that If Kennedy had negotiated a deal on South Vietnam, he might have encouraged dtenet with the Soviet union and hastened a Sino-Vietnamese split. 1 2 However this view is extremely subjective; to pursue this idea would mean overlooking other factors to which drove up the hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union. If we look at Lyndon Johnnys book The VantagePoint, we see his own perception of his position regarding Vietnam. Johnson speaks of having had no option but to intervene, where to withdraw would have permanently damaged the United States reputation globally, along with his. 13 David Levy supports Johnson, arguing that even if Johnson had wanted to withdraw, Kennedy had put him into a position where withdrawal would mean a great loss for the United States. Even if Johnson wished not be encumbered by Vietnam Could the nation, having come this far, simply turn back and leave? 14 The reasonable answer is probably not, but did Johnson deed to deepen American military intervention to the scale that he did, to which Kennedy had tried so hard to avoid, or was this is own prerogative. However, Kennedy refused to create attempts of peace negotiations. Senator Mansfield claims to have told Kennedy the dangers of persevering, where the united States would eventually and inevitably be forced to take a combat role if he persisted. 15 Kennedy refused and by referring to the Washing White Papers of 1961 , we see how the report showed for either a military escalation or American withdrawal. 6 This was Ken needs opportunity to withdraw from Vietnam, yet he chose the middle ground and maintained a limited partnership with the Diem. 17 However, Freddie Legally argues rightly that, there is an important difference be;men a combat commitment and an advisory commitment 18- separating the policies of Kennedy from those Of his successor. Or perhaps, if Kennedy had considered military intervention earlier than when Johnson was forced to make the decision, the Vetting and National Liberation Front could have been suppressed more easily, as by the time Johnson came to power they largely outnumbered the South Vietnamese army.If we accept the arguments of Bassett, peel, and Halters then to say that Kennedy was more responsible for American involvement would be a reasonable view, arguing that Kennedy put the United States into a position where withdrawal was extremely difficult. However, we must consider Illegals point. John Newman agrees, arguing that Johnson is essentially to blam e for Americas involvement in the Vietnam War; arguing that Kennedy would never had sent American troops into Vietnam the way that Johnson did. 9 He states- Kennedy had to disguise a withdrawal; Johnson had to disguise intervention. 20 Newman believes that Kennedy was against intervention from the start, and the conservative backlash21 that he would receive if he withdrew, is what postponed an early withdrawal. He describes Johnnys Vietnam policy as a reversal of Keennesss. If we refer to NASA 263- signed October 1 963, we see evidence for Kennedys plan to withdraw 1000 advisers from Vietnam by the end of the year. 3 We can then contrast this with NASA 273- signed November 1 963, which is the document Johnson signed after Kennedys assassination, escalating the number of troops and deepening American intervention in Vietnam. 4 These Woo documents provide us with potential evidence to argue that Kennedy was not more responsible for American involvement than Johnson, as Kennedy had plans to withdraw, and it was on Johnnys own incentive to deepen American involvement. Although there would have been some loss, Johnson could have easily withdrawn after Kennedys death as opposed to signing NASA 273.Freddie Legally agr ees, arguing that the stakes were high for both Kennedy and Johnson went it came to withdrawal in Vietnam, yet the consequences would not have been as devastating as Johnnys decision to introduce American troops. 5 He argues that Johnson escalated immensely from Kennedy, to the point where the only option left was military intervention. As Legally states, l do think that price has to be compared to the price he could expect to pay if he took what by early 1 965 is the only reasonable alternative, and that is major escalation. 26 Legally argues as far to conclude that had Kennedy lived, he would have taken the necessary steps to withdraw the United States from Vietnam. 27 Legally draws attention to Kennedys military experience, arguing that Kennedy understood the risks of military intervention- and Johnson didnt, thus understanding that the losses of withdrawal were less than that of persistence. 28 Bernard Broodier argues further that Kennedys nature and his sufficient understanding of the military situation in Vietnam would have prevented him expanding Americas commitment in Vietnam in the way his successor Johnson did. 29 Historians such as Newman, Broodier and Legally believe that had Ken nedy survived, he would have withdrawn, and go as far to say that the Vietnam War wouldnt have happened-30 They therefore see the idea of Kennedy being held more responsible for American involvement as unreasonable. The Gulf of Tontine incident is defined by many people as the date the Vietnam War started, as David Levy states, By the Autumn of 1 965, therefore, few could doubt that Vietnam was now an American War, and not an Asian one in which Americans were assisting. 31 Two incidents are said to have occurred, where during the first, Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the ISIS Maddox,32 to which resulted in a major sea battle. The occurrence of the second incident is hugely speculated, with the United States claiming they had been attacked again, which consequently led to the Tontine Gulf Resolution. This granted Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United which lead him to make the decision to introduce American troops in Vietnam.If speculated, we must consider why Johnson would want to pursue this deception in order to Americanism the War. Johnson claimed, We wanted to be absolutely certain that our ships had actually been attacked before we retaliated. 34 However, Senator Fulbright, amongst others, expressed his concern to whether the second incident even happened, arguing that there were other ways than military intervention to dealing with the Gulf of Tontine incident. 5 Fulbright in his book Arrogance of Power resolutely criticisms American intervention arguing that America had a choice between opposition to Communism and support for nationalism. 36 To which Johnson and his advisers chose the former, and as Fulbright expresses, we have allowed our fear of Communism to make us once again the enemy of a nationalist revolution, and in that role we have wrought havoc. 37 Fulbright criticisms Johnnys refusal to consider negotiations, comparing him to a gambler who will always continue to raise the stakes in hope of regaining his losses. 38 Thus arguing that Johnson could eave easily withdrawn, suffering little loss, yet was addicted to the belligerent idea of defeating Communism.Halters takes a different angle to Johnson being the primary cause to American involvement, arguing that his personality and character meant that he would never have withdrawn from Vietnam. He describes Johnson as believing in the omnipotence of American power, the concept of the frontier and using force to make sure you were clearly understood. 39 Broodier agrees, describing Johnson as bellicose. 40 Both Broodier and Halters believe that Johnnys belliger ence and stubbornness were significant reasons to why Johnson refused to pull out of Vietnam, along with his lack of military experiences and ignorance in foreign affairs. Broodier States, Foreign affairs were indeed foreign to him, and so for that matter were military affairs. 41 His hostility towards Communism had inevitably augmented, bringing with it an aggressive passion to defeat the Communist aggressors. However, his resources meant he lacked the ability to do this. Frances Fitzgerald supports further that Kennedy understood and possessed comprehensive military knowledge and so would have been able to seen the catastrophic uniqueness that Johnson didnt. 42 Therefore, Johnson ignorance, belligerence, and determination to surpass Communism, lead American to the Vietnam War, not Kennedy. )Prestidigitation released Why Vietnam? in 1965 to explain to the American nation why intervention in Vietnam was necessary and also featuring a bombardment of propaganda. It talks about Johnson having no other choice but intervention due to North Vietnamese aggression, and Dean Rusk goes on to list several peace negotiations offered by the U. S. Yet declined by the Communist aggressors, which we know to be false.!!!!! If we refer to George shins book The United States in Vietnam, he lists various peace settlements offered to Johnson, to which he blindly refused.He explains how after Unguent Khan came to power, the IN_F called for peace negotiations,43 and how Moscow, Hanoi and Paris requested a reconvened Geneva Conference in 1 964, and Johnson refused again. 44 These are just two examples of the many that Kahn lists. Johnson refused all, arguing that, Naturalization of South Vietnam would only be another name for a Communist Takeover. 45 As Kahn argues, it seems certain that President Johnson had by this time decided in favor of bombing the North and was waiting only for an appropriate pretext before ordering initial raids. 46 This again links in with Fulbrights idea of Johnnys opposition to Communism. In February 1965, Aggression from the North report was released, adding to the list of propaganda materials Johnson released to the public to try and justify his unjustifiable intervention in Vietnam. The report ignores the fact Communist rebellion was coming from the South and the North, claiming it was being attacked by the North and therefore had to retaliate. 7 The deception portrayed in this Video, is reason enough to believe that Johnson was trying to cover up the real reasons he was intervening in the Vietnam War.If Johnson hadnt been so determined to resist small scale American humiliation and withdrawn, the War in Vietnam would never have escalated the way it did. To believe Johnnys self-pitying memoirs in his book The Vantage Point would mean adopting a gullible approach to the argument that Kennedy was more responsible for American involvement in Vietnam. The fact Johnson claims he had no othe r option but to escalate has been proven incorrect by the endless list of peace negotiations offered to him, to which he subsequently refused; seeking instead a War against Communism. His motives for doing this spur another debate, however I believe it to be clear that Johnson had every intention of escalating the War in Vietnam, thus placing the blame of involvement on him. To say Kennedy was more responsible for American involvement is precipitous, however we cannot forget that Kennedy invested a lot into Vietnam through his aid policies, as South Vietnam would have collapsed long before Johnson came to power had they not been able to rely so heavily on he United States. We could easily argue that they were equally to blame, where Kennedy set the precedent and Johnson followed by deepening American intervention further.However I find this a very naive approach, and by looking at the different policies of the two Presidents, think it is clear who is more responsible. Kennedy from the very beginning refused to allow American troops into Vietnam, and rejected many suggestions and policies to do so. Kennedy made plans to withdraw advisers, Johnson used the excuse of the second Tontine gulf incident; which may or may not have happened, to Americanism the Vietnam War. Johnson released various documents and videos portraying himself as a savior to South Vietnam against this barbaric ideology of Communism. We know this to be very different as The Nation Liberation Front in Vietnam Was composed of Communists and Non- Communists whom just wanted the Americans out, and were willing to accept some form of coalition government. Johnson refused to accept this. After President Kennedys assassination, Johnson had the chance to withdraw from Vietnam. He refused to do this. As a result, Johnson allowed millions of Vietnamese to be killed and led thousands of Americans to their death. To say Kennedy was responsible for involvement in the Vietnam War is an unreasonable view.